Endodontic Surgery
Endodontic Surgery
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Vertical Root fracture (VRF) is a longitudinally oriented complete or incomplete fracture of the root that originates from its apical end and propagates coronally and is defined as one of the crack types. According to the literature, VRF is the third most common reason for extraction of an endodontically treated tooth. Prognosis of vertically fractured teeth is usually questionable or poor, oftentimes leading to extraction. Concerning incomplete VRFs, several surgical techniques have been described. A predictable microsurgical technique involves elimination of the fractured part of the root with simultaneous preservation of the healthy root length and regenerative technique to enhance bone reformation. This technique can ultimately save the teeth, obtain periradicular bone healing and restore functionality. The purpose of this presentation is to highlight microscopic surgical preservation for teeth with incomplete VRF in maxillary and mandibular teeth both posterior and anterior. Case selection for application of these techniques is critical, because incomplete vertical fractures are difficult to diagnose.
Learning Objectives:
- Diagnose and identify incomplete VRFs on endodontically treated teeth.
- Familiarize with elimination of the VRF line and preservation of sound root structure using microsurgical techniques.
- Describe the case selection criteria for applying microsurgical treatment on endodontically treated teeth with a VRF.
$i++ ?>Spyros Floratos, DMD
Dr Floratos received his DMD from the University of Thessaloniki School of Dentistry in Greece in 2001. He received a Certificate in Endodontics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine in 2009. Since 2009, he holds an Adjunct Assistant Professor appointment at the Endodontic Department of University of Pennsylvania. He is a retired Commander of the Greek Navy and former Director of the Endodontic Department of the Athens Naval Hospital in Greece. Dr Floratos is the author of three chapters in Professor Kim & Kratchman’s textbook ‘Microsurgery in Endodontics’ published in 2018 and one chapter in Professor Tsesis’ ‘Endodontic – Periodontal Lesions’ textbook published in 2019. He has presented in endodontic meetings in USA and Europe and has published in national and international endodontic journals.
Speaker Disclosure:
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation.
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Product not yet rated Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Occurrence of post-treatment apical periodontitis characterizes the failure of endodontic treatment. This study described the histobacteriologic and histopathologic features of biopsy specimens of teeth with post-treatment apical periodontitis.
At the conclusion of this article, the reader will be able to:
- Describe the histobacteriologic features of post-treatment apical periodontitis, including the prevalence and distribution of intraradicular and extraradicular bacterial infection.
- Recognize the histopathologic patterns of post-treatment apical periodontitis and understand the relative frequency of granulomas, abscesses, and cysts.
- Explain the relationship between persistent bacterial infection and endodontic treatment failure, and discuss the clinical implications for root canal treatment, retreatment, and apical surgery.
$i++ ?>Domenico Ricucci, M.D., D.D.S.
Dr. Domenico Ricucci received his Degree in Medicine in 1982 and his Degree in Dentistry in 1985 from “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy. Since then, he has maintained a private practice limited to endodontics, while also directing a personal histopathology research laboratory focused on pulpal and periapical tissue responses to disease and treatment.
His main research interests include tissue reactions to caries, vital pulp therapy, biofilms in endodontic infections, causes of root canal treatment failure, pulp regeneration, and dental trauma.
Dr. Ricucci has authored 122 scientific papers and 24 book chapters, and is the author of the following textbooks/atlases: Patologia e Clinica Endodontica (2009); Endodontology: An Integrated Biological and Clinical View (2013), translated into Russian (2015), Japanese (2017), and Chinese (2019); and the recent Vital Pulp Therapy & Clinical Endodontics: A Biological Approach (2026).
His contributions to endodontic science have been recognized with the Grossman International Award from the French Society of Endodontics (2017) and the Louis I. Grossman Award from the American Association of Endodontists (2023).Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
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Andrea F. Campello, DDS, MSc, PhD
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Irina Milovidova, DDS
$i++ ?>Isabela N. Rôças, D.D.S, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Dr. Rôças is Professor at the Postgraduate Program in Dentistry and Head of the Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. She is also Chairman and Professor at the Dental Research Group, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil. She received her DDS from State University of Rio de Janeiro, in 1992, and her certificate of endodontic specialist in Gama Filho University in 1996. In 2002, Dr. Rôças received her Master’s Degree in Clinical Bacteriology from State University of Rio de Janeiro. She concluded her PhD in Microbiology and Immunology in 2004 at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Dr. Rôças has co-authored the book “Treatment of Endodontic Infections” and contributed several chapters for leading international endodontic textbooks. She has published more than 220 scientific articles. Dr. Rôças has served as a reviewer for many international journals and is currently a member of the Editorial Board of the Frontiers in Dental Medicine journal.
$i++ ?>José F. Siqueira Jr, D.D.S., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Dr Siqueira is Professor of the Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, and Professor and Chairman of the Dental Research Group, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil. He has authored 11 books on endodontics, microbiology, and immunology and also several chapters for leading international endodontic textbooks. Dr Siqueira published more than 430 scientific papers. He is the recipient of the 2014 Louis I. Grossman award from the American Association of Endodontists and the 2012 Louis I. Grossman award from the French Society of Endodontics. He currently serves as a member of the editorial board of several international journals for which he is also a reviewer. Dr Siqueira actively lectures on the subject of endodontics worldwide.
- Describe the histobacteriologic features of post-treatment apical periodontitis, including the prevalence and distribution of intraradicular and extraradicular bacterial infection.
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: This lecture provides an evidence-based framework for choosing between nonsurgical retreatment and endodontic microsurgery in the management of apical disease. Content includes CBCT-driven diagnosis to distinguish missed anatomy from potential extra-radicular infection; assessment of restorability and retreatment feasibility in the presence of posts, cores, and iatrogenic complications; and the impact of prior treatment quality, lesion size, and patient factors on prognosis. We will discuss the data on survival, success, and complication profiles for retreatment vs microsurgery. Through real-case examples I will highlight stepwise decision making, microsurgical considerations relative to adjacent anatomic structures and how to identify high-risk scenarios, and follow-up intervals that meaningfully access healing. Attendees will leave with a practical way to select the least invasive, predictable pathway to resolution of periapical pathology.
Learning Objectives:
- Differentiate clear indications and contraindications for nonsurgical retreatment versus endodontic microsurgery using CBCT findings, prior treatment quality, lesion size, and patient factors.
- Assess retreatment feasibility in teeth with posts, cores, or iatrogenic defects, and compare predicted outcomes-survival, success, complications-of nonsurgical retreatment versus microsurgery.
- Select and justify the least invasive, most predictable treatment pathway; outline key microsurgical considerations relative to adjacent structures when indicated; and define follow-up intervals and healing criteria.
$i++ ?>Martin J. Rogers, D.D.S.
Martin J. Rogers, DDS, is a full-time endodontist in private practice at Best Endodontics of Glenview and is an Assistant Clinical Professor in the Department of Endodontics at the University of Illinois Chicago (UIC). He earned his DDS from UIC in 1992, completed a General Practice Residency at Illinois Masonic Medical Center-serving as chief resident the following year-and received his Certificate in Endodontics from UIC in 1996.Dr. Rogers has held a part-time faculty appointment at UIC since graduation and currently serves as course director for Endodontic Microsurgery in the postgraduate program. His academic interests include local anesthesia and pain control, microsurgical techniques, and rotary instrumentation. He has authored peer-reviewed publications and lectures frequently to professional audiences.He is a past president of both the Illinois Association of Endodontists and the Edgar D. Coolidge Endodontic Study Club. He has served the American Association of Endodontists on multiple committees, including Dental Benefits, Membership Services, Clinical Practice, and Public and Professional Affairs.
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: Technologies continually evolve to satisfy the demands of emerging microsurgical techniques but are not limited to the classical endodontic surgical armamentarium. The most recent example is the implementation of the Piezosurgical technique for root end surgery. Heightened awareness of significant vascular elements via pre-surgical CBCT surveys mandate cautious sectioning processes. Restrictive soft tissue access hampers effective retraction for conventional surgical handpieces. Substantial cortical plate thicknesses combined with unusual anatomy can confound the most experienced surgeon. All these factors present the dichotomy of visualization/manipulation versus post-surgical regeneration. The featured clinical cases highlight the adaptability and versatility of this new technology in this challenging surgical arena.
Learning Objectives:
- Contrast the visibility and precision of root end procedures performed using Piezo versus conventional handpiece
- Assess the adaptability, visibility and precision of this technology for "novel" surgical corrections.
- Evaluate the tissue selectivity of the Piezo and its advantages in certain clinical environments
$i++ ?>Stephen P. Niemczyk, DMD
Dr. Niemczyk graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, receiving his D.M.D. in 1982 and his postgraduate Endodontic certificate in 1984. Since 1995, Dr. Niemczyk has been the Director of Endodontic Microsurgery at the IB Bender Postdoctoral Endodontic Program at Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia, and was recently named the Assistant Program Director in 2018. He is the 2020 recipient of the AAE Calvin D. Torneck Part-Time Educator Award, and also serves as a surgical consultant to the Naval Postgraduate Endodontic Program at the Walter Reed National Medical Center in Bethesda, MD, and the U. S. Army Endodontic Residency Program in Fort Gordon, GA.
Dr. Niemczyk has lectured extensively in the U.S., Central America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia on topics ranging from Microsurgery and Intentional Replantation to advances in Non-Surgical Endodontics and Cone-Beam CT. He has authored numerous papers, chapters on Microsurgery in Dental Clinics of North America, Ingle’s Endodontics 7th Edition and CBCT in Non-Surgical Retreatment. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the Journal of Endodontics and the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine and Pathology. He is the founder of Endodontic Microsurgical Innovations, dedicated to the development of new treatment techniques and instrumentation. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Endodontics, and maintains a full-time practice limited to Endodontics in Drexel Hill, PA.Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 0.75
Description: The presentation will discuss the challenges in diagnosis and treatment planning of Endo-perio lesions. It will then discuss the importance of communication and collaboration between the endodontist and the periodontist in the attempt to save teeth. The role of guided bone regeneration during apical surgery - techniques and indications - will be reviewed as well as the manipulation of soft tissue in the management of resorptive lesions. This lecture will present the conversation and treatment planning of joined surgical procedures to ensure maximum patient benefit.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe indications for guided bone regeneration during apical surgery.
- Discuss case selection for periodontal intervention before/during/after endodontic treatment
- Analyze periodontal prognosis when combined with endodontic treatment
$i++ ?>Elinor Alon, D.M.D.
Dr. Elinor Alon received her D.M.D. from the Hebrew University School of Dental Medicine in Jerusalem, Israel in 2008 and continued her training as a general dentist in their Advanced General Practice Program. In 2014, Dr. Alon completed her Certificate in Endodontics at the Hebrew University School of Dental Medicine. After relocating to the United States, Dr. Alon joined the faculty in the Department of Endodontics at the Tufts University School of Dental Medicine in 2015 where she taught undergraduate dental students as well as in the post graduate program. Dr. Alon graduated from the Faculty IS program and proudly holds a D.M.D. diploma from the Tufts University School of Dental medicine. At Tufts, she worked as the director of the Pre-doctoral Endodontic Program, before being promoted to Director of the Postdoctoral Endodontic Program where she trained the next generation of endodontic specialists. She is also a diplomate of the American Board of Endodontics. While teaching at Tufts, Dr. Alon worked in private practice outside of Boston before moving to Connecticut in 2023 to join the Advanced Endodontics of Connecticut team. She has already been recognized as a "Best Endodontist" in Connecticut by a poll of her peers published in Connecticut Magazine. In her spare time, Dr. Alon enjoys pilates, yoga, hiking, spending time with friends and family, and eating good food.
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
$i++ ?>Devon M. Ptak, DMD, MPH,*
Dr. Devon Ptak is a board-certified endodontist dedicated to providing compassionate, individualized, and evidence-based care. She is currently in private practice in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Dr. Ptak earned her Bachelor of Science (BS) from Purdue University, a Master of Public Health (MPH) from Dartmouth College, and a Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) from Tufts University School of Dental Medicine. She completed her specialty training in Endodontics at Tufts, where she earned a Certificate in Endodontics. An active member of several professional organizations, including the American Association of Endodontists (AAE), the Massachusetts Association of Endodontists (MAE), and the American Dental Association (ADA), Dr. Ptak is committed to advancing the field of endodontics. She also serves as a part-time faculty member at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, where she teaches and mentors residents and dental students. Additionally, she oversees endodontic residents' research projects, contributing to the academic and clinical development of future specialists. Dr. Ptak's research has been published in several dental journals, including the Journal of Endodontics.
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 0.75
Description: Success in endodontic microsurgery often depends on the ability to adapt when faced with non-routine clinical situations. This session focuses on managing cases that fall outside textbook scenarios. Through case-based discussion, we will explore challenges such as sinus proximity and perforation, instrument and silver point retrieval, calcified canals, and surgery involving anatomically complex teeth or regions. The role of hybrid and advanced flap designs to enhance soft tissue healing and access will be explored. Special emphasis will be placed on identifying cases requiring guided bone regeneration (GBR), particularly in the presence of apicomarginal defects or cemental tears. This session aims to provide practical strategies for managing the unexpected while maintaining surgical precision and predictability.
Learning Objectives:
- Discuss approaches to managing broken instruments, apical silver points, and calcified canals during apical microsurgery.
- Describe when and how to modify flap design to improve access and healing.
- Explain when guided bone regeneration should be integrated into surgical treatment.
$i++ ?>Rizos Tzourmanas, D.D.S, MSc
Rizos Tzourmanas is an endodontist currently working in private practice in Ghent, Belgium. He received his dental degree from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and subsequently completed a three-year postgraduate specialization program in endodontics at the University of Ghent, graduating in 2020. His clinical interests are focused on endodontic microsurgery, with particular emphasis on soft tissue management, as well as on the integration of laser technology into daily practice to promote more minimally invasive approaches in endodontics.
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
$i++ ?>Thanos Fasoulas, DDS, MSc
Dr. Thanos Fasoulas is a practicing endodontist based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He earned his DDS from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece in 2014, and completed a three-year postgraduate residency in endodontics at the University of Ghent, Belgium in 2021. Dr. Fasoulas currently works in private practice with a clinical focus on endodontic microsurgery and implant dentistry.
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: The lecture will discuss results of the PRF study conducted at the University of Pennsylvania describing the use of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) used in Endodontic Microsurgery. Also to be discussed is the use of the Piezotome to create a bone window (bony lid) and as an alternative to securing the bone window, we will show the bone crushing technique where the crushed window is used as an autogenous graft, mixed with the serum derived from pressing the PRF plug into a membrane
Learning Objectives:
- Create Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) through the technique described in the presentation
- Describe and analyze the results of current PRF study
- Explain the technique and benefits to bone crushing of the bone window to use as sticky bone withing the surgical osteotomy
$i++ ?>Andrew J. Grinsell, D.M.D.
Andrew earned his Doctorate of Dental Medicine from Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine in 2017. He has since served six years in the US Navy Dental Corps. His tours included: his AEGD at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, served as the Dental Department Head on USS MESA VERDE and USS CARTER HALL, and Naval Health Clinic New England. Currently, he is in his third year at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine's Advanced Dental program in Endodontics, where he is also pursuing his Master of Science in Oral Biology. His research on Leukocyte and Platelet Rich Fibrin is the focus of his Master's Thesis and will briefly be discussed in this presentation. He was the recipient of the prestigious Louis I. Grossman award for the Class of 2025, being recognized for embodying excellence in Endodontics, exuding confidence and enthusiasm as a clinician, possessing a solid moral compass, and showing a strong promise of becoming a future leader in the field.
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
$i++ ?>Samuel Kratchman, D.MD
CLINICAL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ENDODONTICS
University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine
Dr. Sam Kratchman was born and raised in New York. He received both a B.S. in Biology and a D.M.D. from Tufts University in Boston. Sam then entered The University of Pennsylvania, where he received a Certificate of Endodontics.
A prominent leader in his field, Dr. Kratchman currently teaches at U. Penn as an Associate Professor of Endodontics, and he is the Assistant Director of Graduate Endodontics, in charge of the microsurgical portion of the program. He frequently lectures on several Endodontic topics throughout the United States, Europe, South America, Canada and Asia.
Dr. Kratchman has authored several articles and chapters on Endodontics, and has co-authored the textbook of Endodontic Microsurgery with Dr. Kim in 2017. He also developed a patented instrument called the S Kondenser for the obturation of root canals. Both Main Line Today and Doctor of Dentistry magazines honored Dr. Kratchman as the cover story for their "Best of" issues.
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 0.75
Description: Minimally Invasive Endodontic Microsurgery. What is this? Are we really doing it? There is a consensus about what minimally invasive endodontics is. We know it refers to contracted access, small taper preparations (shaping), preservation of the peri-cervical dentin and activation of irrigants in order to properly disinfect the root canal system. But when discussing endodontic microsurgery (EMS), there is no consensus about what is being minimally invasive. Being minimally invasive could be to save a poor prognosis tooth, preserving dentin as much as possible, preserving bone as much as possible, planning a guided EMS or doing everything with a ¨Micro¨ approach (Including the soft tissue). Several clinical cases for each previously mentioned topic will be shown and described step by step with proper follow up periods displaying a positive outcome. For the ¨Micro¨ approach, a comparison between conventional and laparoscopic minimally invasive medical surgery is made in order to show how the same goal can be achieved through two very different surgical accesses, one with a big, long incision and the other with a couple of very small incisions. As endodontists we can also perform EMS trough conventional large flaps or with very small incisions achieving excellent results in less time, less risk of complications and less postoperative pain for our patients. All of these thanks to all the technology we have available at the moment like the operative microscope, micro-surgical instruments, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), intra-oral scanning, 3D planning software, and computer aided dynamic navigation devices among others.
Learning Objectives:
- Determine that the combination of several aspects can lead to a minimally invasive endodontic microsurgery.
- Differentiate different types of minimally invasive surgical accesses to properly perform an endodontic microsurgery.
- Conclude what a minimally invasive endodontic microsurgery really is.
$i++ ?>Felipe Restrepo, D.D.S. M.Dent
Dr. Felipe Restrepo, was born and raised in Medellín - Colombia. Graduated from the Universidad de Antioquia with a degree in Dentistry, after one year as general practicioner he entered a two year Endodontic program and graduated from Universidad CES. Associate Professor at the Universidad de Antioquia teaching their postgraduate level students in endodontics and also Director of the Endodontics Posgraduate Program. Dr. Restrepo has authored several scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. Former president of the Antioquian Association of Endodontists. Private practice limited to Endodontics and Endodontic Microsurgery in Medellín. He can be reached at [email protected].
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Effective soft tissue management plays a critical role in the success of endodontic microsurgery, especially in achieving esthetic and functional outcomes. This presentation will begin by highlighting the historical evolution of flap designs-from conventional techniques such as the semilunar, intrasulcular, and submarginal flaps to the transition toward papilla-based incisions-illustrated through clinical cases that demonstrate their advantages and limitations. Established periodontal techniques such as the VIP approach, entire papilla preservation, the coronally advanced flap, and the bilaminar technique-now increasingly embraced in endodontic microsurgery-will be presented with a focus on their ability to prevent scar tissue formation and prevent or even improve gingival recession. Particular emphasis should be given on techniques for tissue elevation, manipulation, and reapproximation, as demonstrated through a wide array of clinical examples. The lecture will underscore how soft tissue and periodontal considerations, once overlooked in endodontic surgery, are now vital for achieving predictable, long-term, and esthetically pleasing outcomes.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the evolution of soft tissue flap designs in endodontic microsurgery and their clinical implications.
- Evaluate the benefits and limitations of the VIP approach, entire papilla preservation, coronally advanced flap, and the bilaminar technique.
- Apply principles of soft tissue elevation, manipulation, and reapproximation to minimize postoperative complications such as scar formation and gingival recession.
$i++ ?>Thanos Fasoulas, DDS, MSc
Dr. Thanos Fasoulas is a practicing endodontist based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He earned his DDS from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece in 2014, and completed a three-year postgraduate residency in endodontics at the University of Ghent, Belgium in 2021. Dr. Fasoulas currently works in private practice with a clinical focus on endodontic microsurgery and implant dentistry.
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
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Product not yet rated Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Advanced endodontic treatment techniques designed to retain severely compromised teeth otherwise destined for extraction and implant therapy will be presented. The focus will be on advanced endodontic options that preserve the compromised or failing dentition. Methods to improve endodontic success will be discussed. Advanced endodontic repair options will make you take a second look at implant therapy and be more confident deciding when to save or replace.
Learning Objectives:
- Discuss effective repair procedures used by the endodontic professional on new and existing perforations.
- Perform canal disinfecting procedures and also compare the effectiveness and practicality of current technologies
- Describe how endodontics can overcome and resolve common procedural complications on severely compromised teeth, and when to preserve teeth when treating radicular fractures.
$i++ ?>Mario E. Abdennour, D.MD, M.M.Sc
Mario E. Abdennour, DMD, MMSc, FICD Dr. Abdennour received his Doctor of Dental Medicine degree in 1989 from Washington University School of Dental Medicine where he received the “Outstanding Clinical Ability†award. Following his dental degree, he attended a postgraduate general practice residency at a U.S.C. affiliated hospital in California. In 2000 he received his specialty certificate in endodontics, as well as a Master in Medical Sciences in Oral Biology from the Advanced Graduate Endodontic Program at Harvard University School of Dental Medicine. During his specialty program he also trained in surgical endodontics at the Karl Franz University Hospital in Austria. Upon graduation from Harvard, he received the Krakow Award for Clinical Proficiency in Endodontics. In addition, Dr. Abdennour has conducted endodontic research at the Forsyth Dental Institute in Boston contributing to the patent of an Endodontic Intra-canal therapeutic agent. As a co-inventor, he holds a patent for an endodontic PPE dental and ophthalmic microscope barrier. He lectures nationally and internationally in English, French and Spanish at state dental meetings, conventions, dental schools and endodontic programs also demonstrating live endodontic surgery. Since 2000, Dr. Abdennour has held a faculty appointment as a clinical instructor/lecturer at the Advanced Graduate Endodontic Program at Harvard where he teaches micro-surgical and non-surgical endodontics. Dr. Abdennour has been the President and Chairman of two component Dental Societies in New England. Dr. Abdennour is Past President of the Massachusetts Association of Endodontists.. He was recently the recipient of an esteemed part-time faculty award from Harvard University's Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences. Dr. Abdennour enjoys traveling, international cuisine, reading history and spending time outdoors with his family.
Disclosure(s): MyScopeshield.com: Ownership Interest (stocks, stock options, patent or other intellectual property or other ownership interest excluding diversified mutual funds) (Ongoing)
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