Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
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- Product not yet rated Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: When orthograde retreatment and apical microsurgery are considered unfeasible, when they fail to resolve persistent endodontic infection, or when the remaining tooth structure is deemed non-restorable, the tooth is usually extracted and replaced with an implant or another prosthetic device. Alternatively, when clinical conditions permit, the tooth can be extracted, manipulated extra-orally and replanted (Intentional Replantation, Surgical Extrusion), or a non-strategic tooth can be transplanted into the socket of the extracted tooth (Autogenous Transplantation). These seemingly radical but rather simple procedures offer predictably good outcomes when the biologic principles of tooth replantation are respected.
This lecture will discuss the procedures of Intentional Replantation/Transplantation in a contemporary context, as predictable means for retaining otherwise “untreatable” teeth to greatly benefit patients. Strict guidelines for case selection, a step-by-step protocol and a variety of clinical applications will be outlined and illustrated with typical cases. Reported outcomes will also be highlighted for various clinical applications of both procedures.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the procedural guidelines and steps for Intentional Replantation, Surgical Extrusion and Autogenous Transplantation aimed to prevent external root resorption and persistent infection
- Outline the indications for Intentional Replantation and Autogenous Transplantation
- Summarize the long-term outcomes of Intentional Replantation, Surgical Extrusion and Autogenous Transplantation
Shimon Friedman, D.M.D.
Dr. Shimon Friedman is Professor Emeritus, former Head of Endodontics and Founding Director of the M.Sc. Endodontics Program at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada. He received the D.M.D. degree (1975) and endodontics certificate (1983) from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel. He is board-certified in endodontics in Israel and had served as Chairman of the Israel Endodontic Society from 1985 to 1988. With over 250 peer-reviewed articles, textbook chapters and research abstracts, and over 330 international lectures, Dr. Friedman has acquired extensive experience in endodontic practice, research and education. He is the recipient of several awards, culminating in the AAE’s 2008 Louis I. Grossman Award, as well as the AAE's 2018 I.B. Bender Lifetime Educator Award, for outstanding contributions to endodontic science and education. Though now retired, Dr. Friedman continues following the research and lecturing extensively on endodontic treatment outcomes, management of post-treatment endodontic infection, and impacts of contracted endodontic cavity designs on nonsurgical treatment efficacy and biomechanical responses of teeth.
Speaker Disclosure
In accordance with this policy, I declare I have a past or present proprietary or relevant financial relationship or receive gifts in kind (including soft intangible remuneration), consulting position or affiliation, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, as indicated: Sonendo Inc.: Ownership Interest (stocks, stock options, patent or other intellectual property or other ownership interest excluding diversified mutual funds) (Ongoing), Scientific Advisory Board member (Ongoing)
- Product not yet rated Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: Vital pulp therapy including pulpotomy is increasingly adopted in the management of various pulp exposures in children and adults, by virtue of the improved understanding of pulp histopathology and its response to the carious insult. The advent of MTA and other hydraulic calcium silicate based-materials has considerably improved the success rates over medium and long-term follow-up and therefore renewed the interest in vital pulp therapy. This presentation will review the available data on the clinical and histological diagnosis of various pulp exposures with a broad spectrum of symptomatology and will discuss the recent evidence in support of vital pulp therapy in mature permanent teeth and clinical symptoms indicative of irreversible pulpitis. Patients’, clinicians ‘, and scientists' centered outcomes including clinical and radiographic success, survival, pain management, patient satisfaction, quality of life improvement, and cost-effectiveness will be reviewed.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe management strategies for carious pulp exposures in children and adults based on currently available guidelines
- Define treatment consideration and case selection criteria for vital pulp therapy procedures based on possible prognostic factors
- Review the available evidence on clinicians' and patients' centred outcomes of vital pulp therapy procedures in teeth with carious pulp exposure
Nessrin Taha, BDS, DClinDent, PhD
Dr Taha attained her Graduate Diploma, Clinical Doctorate in Endodontics and PhD from the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. She is a Member of the Royal College of Ireland and a fellow of the Royal Australian College of Dental Surgeons in both general dentistry and the special field of Endodontics, and a registered endodontist in Jordan and Australia.
She is former vice dean, director of the dental teaching clinics, director of the postgraduate clinics, and head of department of conservative dentistry at Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. She is also member and former chair of the scientific committee of the Jordanian Board of Endodontics.
Currently she is a professor in endodontics and coordinator of the postgraduate endodontic program at Jordan university of science and technology. Research interests include; calcium silicate-based materials, regenerative endodontics and vital pulp therapy. She lectured internationally on the topic with several published laboratory based and clinical research papers. She serves in the editorial board and reviewers’ panel of more than 10 international indexed journals.
Speaker Disclosure
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation.
CE Hours:0
Description: It's only one concept in endodontics: elimination of bacteria and the pulp tissue from the root canal system while preserving maximum tooth structure for restoration and function. The purpose of endodontic therapy is to remove all the inflamed and necrotic tissues in the pulp, as well as the bacterial component, making the pulp and the root canals of the tooth as clean as possible. Making the root canals as clean as possible (one of the predictor factors for endodontic success) increases the predictability of our treatments.
Scouting canals technique improves the shaping, disinfection, and obturation of the root canal system with cheap tools and a simple approach.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the aim of this procedure
- Explain the details of the technique
- Discuss documented cases and to realize that this is a teachable, repeatable, and reproducible technique
Thomas Lazaridis
Lazaridis Thomas email: lazaridisthomas@gmail.com Citizenship: Greek Born in 13-04-1969 EDUCATION Graduation: Faculty of Dental Medicine Sofia Medical University (Bulgaria) -1994(1989-1994) Implantology education: ITI, 2008-20010 EMPLOYMENT 1995-1996 Naval Hospital 1997- now self-employed, general dentist-limited to endodontics Focus on endodontics and restorative dentistry 1998-2008 worked limited in endodontics in many dental clinics 2005 I obtain my first microscope and focused on microdentistry. From 2005 until now all procedures in dentistry were done under the microscope. Lecturing in Ukraine and India(2013-2019) Field of interest : Access cavity, glidepath Management of curved canals Management of broken files Documentation of canal and apical scouting Documentation with the microscope.
Speaker Disclosure
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation.
- Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.25
Description: Vital pulp therapy has the potential to significantly extend the life of a tooth. The outcomes and evidence for vital pulp treatment has changed drastically in the last 10 years. In 2021 the AAE release a new position paper on vital pulp therapy. This presentation will use this as basis to discuss the important aspect of these procedures. The presentation will primarily focus on teeth with carious exposure and symptoms of irreversible pulpitis. A case-based analysis will be used to explore treatment options that incorporate evidence-based treatment protocols in day-to-day clinical practice.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the concepts for selecting teeth for various treatment options and what outcomes can be expected from these various treatments
- List the critical steps in carrying out a vital pulp treatment protocol
- Discuss the prognostic factors for various vital pulpal treatments
David E. Witherspoon, B.D.S., M.S., M.F.A., F.I.C.D
David E. Witherspoon Graduated from the University of Queensland with a Bachelor of Dental Sciences. Practiced General Dentistry for 5 years in both in Australia and the United Kingdom. Graduate from Baylor College of Dentistry graduate endodontic program. Currently is in full-time endodontic practice in Plano Texas. • President’s Award American Association of Endodontists (AAE) 2015 • Diplomat of the American Board of Endodontics 2003-Present • Lifetime member of the College of Diplomats American Board of Endodontics • Fellow of the International College of Dentists 2013- present • General Chair for the American Association of Endodontists annual meeting 2015 • Program Chair for the American Association of Endodontists annual meeting 2014 • Program Vice-Chair for the American Association of Endodontists annual meeting 2013 • Workshop Chair for the American Association of Endodontists annual meeting 2007-2011 • American Association of Endodontists annual session planning committee 2001-2003, 2007-2016 • Research and Scientific Affairs Committee American Association of Endodontists 2000-2003 • Edward M. Osetek Educator Award. American Association of Endodontists 1999 • Co-author of the surgery chapter in the 9th and 10th ed. of Pathways of the Pulp • Published over 30 articles in peer-reviewed journals
Speaker Disclosure
In accordance with this policy, I declare I have a past or present proprietary or relevant financial relationship or receive gifts in kind (including soft intangible remuneration), consulting position or affiliation, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, as indicated: Dentsply Sirona Endodontics (Individual(s) Involved: Self): Consultant
- Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: The advent of MTA and other tricalcium silicates, with their remarkable biocompatibility and stability, has renewed the interest in vital pulp therapy approaches. These therapies have challenged the classic definition of irreversible pulpitis. This panel presentation will review available data on the clinical and histologic diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis and will discuss recent evidence that support vital pulp therapy in permanent mature teeth.
- Explain the clinical and histologic evidence for the diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis.
- Distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis.
- Describe recent evidence that supports vital pulp therapy in mature permanent teeth diagnosed with reversible or irreversible pulpitis.
Ashraf F. Fouad, D.D.S., M.S.
Dr. Fouad obtained his DDS, Certificate of Endodontics and MS at the University of Iowa.
He served on the faculty and in various administrative roles at University of Connecticut, the University of Maryland, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is currently Professor and Chair, Department of Endodontics, Director, Advanced Endodontics Program, and Interim Director, Health Information and Business Systems (HIBS) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
Dr. Fouad has published over 110 peer-reviewed manuscripts, 25 textbook chapters, and 145 abstracts. He edited and co-authored the textbooks: Endodontic Microbiology (now in its second edition), as well as the fifth and sixth editions of Endodontics: Principles and Practice. He is a Diplomate and Past President of the American Board of Endodontics, and an Associate Editor of the Journal of Endodontics, Dental Traumatology and Frontiers of Dental Medicine – Endodontics. He received the Distinguished Scientist Award from the Pulp Biology and Regeneration Group of the International Association of Dental Research in 2017, and the AAE President’s Award in 2022.
Speaker Disclosure
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation
Domenico Ricucci, M.D., D.D.S.
Dr. Domenico Ricucci received his degree in General Medicine from “La Sapienza” University of Rome in 1982, and his DDS from the same University in 1985. Since then on he has maintained private dental practices limited to endodontics. In addition to his private practice, Dr. Ricucci was Professor of Cariology at “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Italy in 2002 -2003. He served in the Research Committee of the European Society of Endodontology from 1999 to 2005. Dr. Ricucci’s primary research interest relates to pulpal and periapical tissue reactions to caries and treatment procedures, biofilms in endodontic infections, etiology of RTC treatment failure, pulp regeneration/revascularization. Since 1998 he has run his own histology laboratory and has developed considerable skills in hard tissue preparations for light microscopy. Dr. Ricucci has published 113 papers and has lectured both nationally and internationally. He has authored the Textbook and Atlas “Patologia e Clinica Endodontica”, the textbook and atlas “Endodontology. An integrated biological and clinical view”, also translated into Chinese, Russian, Japanese. He has also authored or co-authored 22 book chapters.
Ashraf F. Fouad, D.D.S., M.S.
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation.Domenico Ricucci, D.D.S., MD
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation. CE Hours: 0 CE hour
Description: The advent of MTA about 2 decades ago brought about a significant change in the practice of clinical endodontics. A material that suited our work-space and the periradicular tissue, perfectly. It has been extensively investigated in in-vitro, animal and clinical studies. With due diligence in the literature, material has our academic and investigative endorsement. However, there are limitations to use of MTA e.g., inability to use for routine obturation, it’s difficult handling properties and tendency to cause discoloration. Material scientists have worked on overcoming the limitations of MTA by introducing newer generation of Bioceramics. The lecture is an overview of the current research and clinical applications of the newer bioceramics available to us. Published research will be critically reviewed and clinical cases presented demonstrating the applications in various treatment modalitiesson
At the conclusion of this course, participants will learn:
- Discuss an evidence-based evaluation of the chemical, physical and biological properties of Bioceramics pertinent to endodontics.
- Explain the clinical use especially as a sealer
- Recognize the strength and weakness of the material
Meetu R. Kohli, B.D.S, D.M.D.
Dr. Meetu Ralli Kohli is Clinical Associate Professor and Director for Continuing Education and International Visiting Scholar Program and the Master’s in Advanced Dentistry Studies Program (MADS) at the University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Endodontic department. She is a member of the Dean’s advisory council. Dr. Kohli earned her B.D.S. degree from Government Dental College, Bangalore, India. She pursued her D.M.D. degree as well as specialty training in Endodontics at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. During her training she received the esteemed Louis I Grossman award, the Samuel R. Rossman scholarship and the Sherrill Ann Siegel award & scholarship for demonstrating excellence in patient care, clinical skills and research. She is on the Scientific Advisory Board as a reviewer for Journal of Endodontics, International Endodontic Journal, Journal of American Dental Association and other endodontic journals. Dr. Kohli has published in national and international peer reviewed journals and has contributed in books on microsurgical retreatment. Her publications have been recognized as the best clinical research paper and honorary mentions by JOE multiple times. She is the recommend speaker by the AAE for Microsurgery and Prognosis. She has served on the AAE’s Constitution and Bylaws committee and the Research and Scientific Affairs Committee. She also serves as Director on Board of Trustees of the American Board of Endodontics and is a diplomate. She is an honorary member and examiner for the Indian Board of Endodontics. Dr. Kohli maintains multiple private practice locations limited to Endodontics in Pennsylvania, USA.Meetu Kohli, B.D.S, D.MD
In accordance with this policy, I declare that I have NO past or present proprietary or relevant financial relationship or receive gifts in kind (including soft intangible remuneration), consulting position or affiliation, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith.
- Product not yet rated
CE Credits: 0
Program Overview:
The primary function of the hard tissues surrounding root canal space is to protect the pulp and periodontium from external irritants. When these natural barriers are compromised, the host is equipped with defensive mechanisms to protect itself. Repair materials used to protect or reestablish the integrity of the vital tissues within and outside of the teeth should not only seal the pathways of communication between the external surfaces of the tooth and the pulp and periapical tissues, they also should be biocompatible. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was introduced as a repair material over thirty years ago. Numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations have shown MTA's effectiveness as a repair material for pulp capping, pulpotomy, apical plug, pulp regeneration, root perforation, root-end filling and root canal filling. Because of its ideal characteristics, it is also recommended as a root canal sealer. Despite its advantages, original MTA has a long setting time. This disadvantage is rectified by development of a fast-set MTA. Preliminary data regarding fast-set MTA and MTA sealer will be presented.
At the conclusion, participants should be able to:
- List ideal characteristics of root repair material.
- Recognize various applications of MTA
- Describe the preliminary data regarding the fast-set MTA
Mahmoud Torabinejad, D.M.D., M.S.D., Ph.D.
Dr. Torabinejad is president and director of the Endodontic Institute of Surgical Education and Research Venues in Irvine. He is a professor of endodontics and former Director of the advanced specialty education program in endodontics at Loma Linda University (LLU) School of Dentistry. Currently, he is professor of endodontics at LLU, research professor at the University of Minnesota, Dean's professor of endodontics at the University of Maryland, affiliate professor of endodontics at the University of Washington in Seattle and adjunct professor of endodontics at the University of Pacific in San Francisco and University of California in San Francisco. He has authored eight textbooks and more than 350 publications. He is the #1 author of citations in classic articles in the field of endodontics and # 1 author of citation for pulp regeneration. He has presented over 250 lectures nationally and internationally in over 40 countries. He received several awards from LLU during his 42-year tenure at LLU. They include: the LLU Centennial Van Guard Award for Healing, the Distinguished Research Award from the Dental School, and the LLU distinguished investigator award. He is the recipient of the Louis I. Grossman Award of the French Association of Endodontists. He has received the Ralph F. Sommer Award of the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) twice, Louis I. Grossman Award of the AAE, Philanthropic award of the Foundation for Endodontics, the Edgar D. Coolidge Award of the AAE. He is a past president of the California Association of endodontics and past president of the AAE and its Foundation.
Mahmoud Torabinejad, D.D.S., M.S., Ph.D.
"Disclosure: In accordance with this policy, I declare I have a past or present proprietary or relevant financial relationship or receive gifts in kind (including soft intangible remuneration), consulting position or affiliation, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, as indicated below:
Dentsply International (Self) : Consultant (Status: Ongoing)" - Includes Credits
CE Hours: 0
Description: A tooth is considered to be a split tooth if it contains a fracture line extending from the occlusal surface through both marginal ridges. Currently, the only treatment option for a split tooth is extraction. The present case report describes a novel therapeutic strategy for the preservation of a split tooth (first maxillary premolar) with a fracture in the mesiodistal direction. A systematic nonsurgical procedure involving visualization and slight widening of the fracture line is described. This procedure facilitates sealing of the fracture gap with a biocompatible calcium silicate cement (mineral trioxide aggregate) as well as internal composite resin stabilization and cuspal coverage restoration of the tooth. A 3-year follow-up showed a promising clinical and radiographic outcome. The concept presented here is an alternative treatment option for a split tooth, which allows preservation of the tooth rather than its extraction.
At the conclusion, participants should be able to:
- Describe important diagnostic criteria for a split tooth.
- Describe a step by step procedure for the sufficient restoration of a split first upper premolar.
- Discuss factors which influence the long-term success after repair of a split tooth.
Alexander Schurz, DMD
Holger Gehrig, DMD, MSc
Dorothee L. Schuessler, DDS, PhD
Johannes Mente, Prof,DMD
- Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.0 CE hour
The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate healing after endodontic microsurgery (EMS) using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) versus EndoSequence root repair material (RRM; Brasseler, Savannah, GA) as root-end filling materials.
At the conclusion, participants should be able to:
- Evaluate the outcome after Endodontic Microsurgery (EMS) according to Penn 3-D Evaluation Criteria
- List prognostic factors affecting EMS outcome
- Describe outcome evaluation differences between PA and CBCT healing
Chafic Safi, D.MD, M.Sc., FRCD
Dr. Chafic Safi completed his postgraduate residency in Endodontics at the University of Pennsylvania in 2015 where he also completed a Master of Science in Oral Biology researching the outcome of endodontic microsurgery and factors affecting prognosis. Dr. Safi is a published researcher and lectures on various endodontic topics. He is certified by the American Board of Endodontics. Dr. Safi remains on the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania’s department of Endodontics as well as University of Montreal, as an adjunct professor. He is also a faculty lecturer for Next Level Endodontics. He founded Centre Endodontique Saint-Laurent in Montreal, Canada where he lives and practices since 2016.
Meetu R. Kohli, B.D.S, D.M.D.
Dr. Meetu Ralli Kohli is Clinical Associate Professor and Director for Continuing Education and International Visiting Scholar Program and the Master’s in Advanced Dentistry Studies Program (MADS) at the University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Endodontic department. She is a member of the Dean’s advisory council. Dr. Kohli earned her B.D.S. degree from Government Dental College, Bangalore, India. She pursued her D.M.D. degree as well as specialty training in Endodontics at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. During her training she received the esteemed Louis I Grossman award, the Samuel R. Rossman scholarship and the Sherrill Ann Siegel award & scholarship for demonstrating excellence in patient care, clinical skills and research. She is on the Scientific Advisory Board as a reviewer for Journal of Endodontics, International Endodontic Journal, Journal of American Dental Association and other endodontic journals. Dr. Kohli has published in national and international peer reviewed journals and has contributed in books on microsurgical retreatment. Her publications have been recognized as the best clinical research paper and honorary mentions by JOE multiple times. She is the recommend speaker by the AAE for Microsurgery and Prognosis. She has served on the AAE’s Constitution and Bylaws committee and the Research and Scientific Affairs Committee. She also serves as Director on Board of Trustees of the American Board of Endodontics and is a diplomate. She is an honorary member and examiner for the Indian Board of Endodontics. Dr. Kohli maintains multiple private practice locations limited to Endodontics in Pennsylvania, USA.Samuel I. Kratchman, D.M.D.
Dr. Samuel Kratchman Dr. Sam Kratchman was born and raised in New York. He received a B.S. in Biology and a D.M.D. both from Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts. Sam then entered the University of Pennsylvania, where he received a certificate of endodontics, and currently serves as an Associate Professor of Endodontics and the Assistant Director of Graduate Endodontics, in charge of the microsurgical portion of the program. Dr. Kratchman has authored several articles and chapters on endodontics and intentional replantation for the Microsurgery in Endodontics textbook, and the Dental Clinics of North America. He also developed a patented instrument called the S Kondenser for the obturation of root canals. Both Main Line Today and Doctor of Dentistry magazines honored Dr. Kratchman as the cover story for their “Best of “ issues. Dr. Kratchman lectures on several topics of endodontics throughout the United States, Europe, Scandinavia, South America, Canada and Asia. He also maintains two private practices, limited to endodontics, in Exton and West Chester Pennsylvania.
Frank C. Setzer, D.M.D., Ph.D., M.S.
Dr. Setzer graduated from the Dental School of the Friedrich- Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, in 1995, where he also received his doctoral degree in 1998. He pursued his endodontic specialty training at the University of Pennsylvania after working for nine years in a multi-specialist private practice as associate and partner. Dr. Setzer graduated from the endodontic program of the University of Pennsylvania in 2006, receiving the Louis I Grossman Postdoctoral Student Award in Endodontics. He earned a Master of Science in Oral Biology and a DMD degree in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Dr. Setzer serves as the Clinic Director and Pre-Doctoral Program Director at the Department of Endodontics of the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Setzer lectures on several topics of endodontics throughout the United States, Europe, South America, and Asia. He has authored articles on endodontics in peer-review journals and serves as Associate Editor for Endodontics for Quintessence International and, amongst other journals, on the scientific advisory board of Journal of Endodontics, International Endodontic Journal and Journal of the American Dental Association.
Speaker Disclosure
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation.
Bekir Karabucak, D.M.D., M.S.
Dr. Karabucak is Associate Professor/Clinician Educator, Interim Chair and Director of post-graduate program in the Department of Endodontics. Dr. Karabucak serves as director of Advanced Dental Education in the School of Dental Medicine. After earning his dental degree from Istanbul University School of Dental Medicine in 1993, Dr. Karabucak completed his endodontic postgraduate training at the Department of Endodontics at Penn, where he also received his Masters in Oral Biology in 1998. He later earned his DMD degree from Penn Dental Medicine in 2002. He’s the attending endodontist at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia since 2005. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Endodontics. He lectured at national and international conferences and also serves as a reviewer for the Journal of Endodontics.
The authors thank Dr Fouad Al-Malki, Ms Anya Kohli in making the illustrations and figures for the article, and Christel Chehoud for help with statistical analysis.
Supported and conducted independently by the Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
The authors deny any conflicts of interested related to this study
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