
Inflammation
Inflammation
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Product not yet rated Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.25
Description: Vital pulp therapy (VPT) plays a crucial role in managing mature permanent teeth with pulp exposure or inflammation, offering a less invasive alternative to root canal treatment. The decision on when and how to perform VPT depends on the degree of pulp involvement, the tooth's vitality, and clinical symptoms. Key VPT options include direct pulp capping, partial pulpotomy, and full pulpotomy, each with specific indications based on the extent of pulpal inflammation. Recent advancements in biomaterials, mineral trioxide aggregate and other bioceramic materials, have improved treatment outcomes by promoting pulp healing and reducing the risk of failure. Hence, these treatment modalities are emerging as promising treatments for maintaining tooth vitality. Proper case selection, strict asepsis, using biocompatible materials and good coronal seal are mandatory for success. This presentation reviews the current VPT options, emphasizing the importance of diagnosis, material selection, and individualized treatment planning to achieve optimal long-term outcomes in younger and adult patients.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the indications for vital pulp therapy (VPT) in treating mature permanent teeth in young patients and adults.
- Assess the role of infection control and a final restoration in successful vital pulp therapy procedures.
- Examine the long-term outcomes and success rates of various vital pulp therapy procedures.
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Product not yet rated Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Understanding of the relationship between Endodontics and systemic disease has evolved considerably over the past century, from the initial pseudo-science related to the focal infection theory to modern day understanding of the pathogenesis inflammatory diseases and their interrelationship. This session will discuss recent information on the association of endodontic disease pathogenesis as well as treatment outcomes with major chronic systemic diseases and their treatment.
Learning Objectives:
- Identify the relationship between systemic diseases and the pathogenesis of endodontic diseases
- Discuss the relationship between systemic diseases and the treatment outcomes of endodontic diseases
- Present clinically relevant and evidence-based discussion points about this subject
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Product not yet rated Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: Apical periodontitis (AP) is a complex inflammatory disease with different clinical and radiographic presentations. The pathogenesis of AP involves an interplay of the innate and adaptive immune responses, that aim at preventing root canal microflora from causing spreading systemic infection and/or osteomyelitis. This session will discuss the major pathways involved in the progression and healing of AP. It will also address the way a myriad of systemic factors may affect this apical immune response.
Learning Objectives:
- Discuss the major immunological pathways involved in the pathogenesis of AP
- Discuss the major immunological mechanisms of healing and bone regeneration following endodontic treatment
- Discuss the potential role of systemic factors in mediating pathogenesis or healing of AP
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Chronic inflammation in irreversible pulpitis leads to heightened sensitivity of nociceptive receptors, resulting in persistent hyperalgesia. This poses significant challenges in achieving effective anesthesia for patients with irreversible pulpitis. Various anesthetic techniques and pharmacological approaches have been employed to enhance the success of local anesthesia. Recently, the preemptive use of anti-inflammatory agents, specifically corticosteroids, has gained attention and shown promising results in randomized controlled trials. This systemic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of systemically administered corticosteroids on enhancing anesthetic success in patients undergoing endodontic treatment.
At the conclusion of this article, the reader will be able to:
- Explain the inflammatory nature of pain in irreversible pulpitis and how it can adversely affect the success of local anesthesia, especially in mandibular molars.
- Discuss the pharmacology of corticosteroids and their potent anti-inflammatory effect.
- Evaluate the body of evidence regarding the ability of corticosteroids in increasing the success of local anesthesia in irreversible pulpitis.
Norah Alajlan, BDS, MS
Dr. Norah Alajlan earned her BDS degree from King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Consequently, she obtained her post-graduate training in endodontics and Masters in Oral Biology from the University of Pennsylvania. Currently, she is working as a full- time faculty at King Saud University.
Alonso Carrasco-Labra, DDS, MSc, PhD
Bekir Karabucak, D.M.D., M.S.
Dr. Karabucak is Associate Professor/Clinician Educator, Interim Chair and Director of post-graduate program in the Department of Endodontics. Dr. Karabucak serves as director of Advanced Dental Education in the School of Dental Medicine. After earning his dental degree from Istanbul University School of Dental Medicine in 1993, Dr. Karabucak completed his endodontic postgraduate training at the Department of Endodontics at Penn, where he also received his Masters in Oral Biology in 1998. He later earned his DMD degree from Penn Dental Medicine in 2002. He’s the attending endodontist at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia since 2005. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Endodontics. He lectured at national and international conferences and also serves as a reviewer for the Journal of Endodontics.
Su-Min Lee, DDS, MSD, DScD
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.25
Description: Caries prevalence remains high throughout the world, with the burden of disease shifting to older and socially disadvantaged groups. If left untreated, caries will advance through dentine stimulating a progressive pulpitis and eventually pulp infection and necrosis; however, if conservatively managed pulpal recovery occurs even in deep carious lesions. As a profession and speciality, we should be striving to develop new biologically-based minimally-invasive solutions; however, to do so, an applied understanding of pulpitis and repair processes is critical. During this presentation we will discuss both the ESE position statement of ‘Deep Caries and the Exposed Pulp’ and also the ESE S3-level clinical guideline recommendations. During this talk we will consider amongst other things: How does the pulp respond to bacterial challenge? How localised is the inflammatory response? Could we consider utilising biomarkers expressed in pulp inflammation for diagnosis or repair?
Learning Objectives:
- Evaluate the scientific rationale, biological principles and clinical arguments for pulp preservation.
- Analyze the manner in which the pulp responds to microbial challenge and how we may assess the level of inflammation in the pulp.
- Describe the most appropriate way to manage pulpitis in clinical practice.
Hal F. Duncan, B.D.S., M.C.D, PhD
Received his dental degree from the University of Glasgow and his 4-year endodontic speciality training in Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London. For ten years, he worked part-time in specialist referral endodontic practice. He completed his PhD in the University of Birmingham in pulp biology. As an Academic Professor and Consultant in Endodontics, he has led endodontic teaching, service delivery and research in Dublin Dental University Hospital (DDUH) for the last 15 years. He has published over 120 international peer-reviewed scientific articles, 40 research abstracts, 18 book chapters as well as editing 3 textbooks. He was the primary author of the recent European Society of Endodontology (ESE) position statement on ‘Management of deep caries and the exposed pulp’ and is the lead of the ongoing ‘ESE S3-level Guidelines for the Treatment of Endodontic Disease’. He is the current Editor-in-Chief of the International Endodontic Journal after being an Associate Editor for the International Endodontic Journal since 2014. Hal has completed three sponsored research fellowships in New York University/Rutgers University investigating the role of epigenetic-modifying agents on tooth regeneration. In DDUH, he currently maintains a research lab and is the principal supervisor of clinical and scientifically trained PhD students and postdoctoral researchers in basic and translational pulp biology and endodontics. Currently, he is the Director of Research in the DDUH, the Chair of Membership Committee of the ESE, a Member of the Executive Board of the ESE, the President Elect of the ESE, the President of the Irish Division of the IADR, the Vice-President of the Pulp Biology and Regeneration Group of the IADR and a Board Member of the Pan European Region of the IADR.I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation.
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: Endodontic patients frequently have a complex medical history and are on a variety of medications. Evidence is emerging to associate the patients’ clinical presentation and the outcomes of endodontic treatment with some of these medications. This presentation will address some of these medications and their relevance to endodontic considerations.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the level of evidence in existing data on the association of systemic medications and endodontic conditions and their treatment outcomes.
- Describe systemic medications with potential effects on endodontic case presentation.
- Describe systemic medications that may influence the outcomes of endodontic treatment.
Ashraf F. Fouad, D.D.S., M.S.
Dr. Fouad obtained his DDS, Certificate of Endodontics and MS at the University of Iowa.
He served on the faculty and in various administrative roles at University of Connecticut Health Center, the University of Maryland, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is currently Professor and Chair, Department of Endodontics, and Director, Advanced Endodontics Program, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
Dr. Fouad has published over 100 peer-reviewed manuscripts, 24 textbook chapters, and 140 abstracts. He edited and co-authored the textbooks: Endodontic Microbiology, as well as the fifth and sixth editions of Endodontics: Principles and Practice. He is a Diplomate and Past President of the American Board of Endodontics, and an Associate Editor of the Journal of Endodontics and Dental Traumatology. He received the Distinguished Scientist Award from the Pulp Biology and Regeneration Group of the International Association of Dental Research.
Speaker Disclosure
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: Immerse yourself in the Data and Clinical Blitz sessions, where attendees are presented with a streamlined dive into the latest research findings or captivating and intricate Endodontic cases. It is an innovative learning experience not to be missed. The key elements for successful outcomes for VPT will be presented within the context of a "process". Products used for VPT are important but are only part of the formula for success. The audience will have the opportunity to obtain meaningful information from brief presentations and short discussion on Pulp Biology research and the new trends for clinical protocols aiming to preserve the vitality and/or regeneration of the dental pulp to increase longevity of the tooth.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the importance of Vital pulp therapy as a process not as a product and the visual appearance of the exposed pulp tissues.
- Determine the perspective on pulpotomy of mature teeth with irreversible pulpitis and the factors predicting outcomes.
- Explain the ideal recall time on Regenerative Endodontics, possibility of immediate induction and the applicability of cell-based regeneration therapy.
Tatiana M. Botero, D.D.S., M.S.
Dr. Botero received her dental degree (DDS, 1987) from CES University in Medellin, Colombia, Specialty training in Endodontics at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Colombia (1995) and the advanced Specialty Certificate in Endodontics from University of Michigan in 2005. She was Clinical Assistant Professor at CES University and had her private practice in Colombia (1989-2000). Dr. Botero joined the University of Michigan in 2001 and presently she is full time Clinical Professor and teaches Endodontics to graduate and undergraduate students. She is the director of the dental postgraduate fellowship program in endodontics. She also practices Endodontics at a private Dental clinic in Michigan.
In 2012 Dr. Botero became a Diplomate of the American Board of Endodontics and she joined the Regenerative Endodontic committee from the American Association of Endodontics since 2013 and chair 2014-2020. She is Past-president of the Pulp Biology and Regeneration group of the American Association and International Association of Dental Research. Dr. Botero has authored and co-authored numerous scientific peer reviewed articles and book chapters. She serves as reviewer for several endodontic and dental journals. Her research of interest and publications are on caries-induced angiogenesis and Regenerative Endodontics.
Speaker Disclosure
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation.Ron Lemon, D.M.D
Dr. Ron Lemon serves as Associate Dean for Advanced Education and Predoctoral Program Director in Endodontics at UNLV, School of Dental Medicine. He is a member of the Postgraduate Faculty in the Advanced Education Program in Pediatric Dentistry, the General Practice Residency program, and a member of the Graduate College.
He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Endodontics. He earned both Predoctoral (1971) and Postdoctoral degrees (1977) from the University of Kentucky.
Prior to his appointment at UNLV, he served for 28 years at the LSU, School of Dental Medicine in New Orleans (15 years as Chair).
His current research activities include Vital Pulp Therapy and materials science. These methods offer a paradigm shift in endodontic treatment philosophy. Teaching interests include continual changes in teaching methodologies to match changing student populations.Speaker Disclosure
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation
Domenico Ricucci, M.D., D.D.S.
Dr. Domenico Ricucci received his degree in General Medicine from “La Sapienza” University of Rome in 1982, and his DDS from the same University in 1985. Since then on he has maintained private dental practices limited to endodontics. He achieved the National Scientific qualification as full professor in the Italian higher education system in 2018. Dr. Ricucci’s primary research interest relates to pulpal and periapical tissue reactions to caries and treatment procedures, biofilms in endodontic infections, etiology of RTC treatment failure, pulp regeneration/revascularization. Since 1998 he has run his own histology laboratory and has developed considerable skills in hard tissue preparations for light microscopy.
Dr Ricucci has published 113 papers and has lectured both nationally and internationally. He has authored the Textbook and Atlas “Patologia e Clinica Endodontica”, the textbook and atlas “Endodontology. An integrated biological and clinical view”, also translated into Chinese, Russian, Japanese. He has also authored or co-authored 22 book chapters. He is recipient of the Louis I. Grossman International Award by the French Society of Endodontics in 2017, and the Louis I. Grossman Award by the American Association of Endodontists in 2023.
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
Stephane Simon, DDS, MSc, PhD, HDR
Stéphane SIMON has been qualified as Doctor in Dental Surgery in 1994 at the University of Reims. He got a certificate in Biomaterials in 1998 (University of Paris 7) and in Endodontology in 2000 (Paris 7). He taught Endodontics from 2001 to 2005 at the University of Paris 7 as Assistant Professor, and from 2006 to 2008 at the University of Birmingham (United Kingdom) as a Clinical lecturer. He has got a Master Degree (MPhil) in Molecular and cell Biology in 2005 (Paris 7), and completed in 2009 his PhD in Pulp Biology in the frame of a co-supervised Thesis between the University of Paris 7 and the University of Birmingham. He was the President of the Pulp Biology and Regeneration Group of the IADR and is still a member of the education committee of the European Society of Endodontology.
From 2012 up to august 2019, he was a full time academic teacher/researcher, awarded as Professor in Endodontics at the Paris Diderot University and was the director of the Postgraduate Endodontic Program at Paris Diderot University (3 years full time program).
He is the author of 8 Endodontic books, authored 8 chapters in clinical books, and three chapters in Tissue engineering books. He has also published 47 papers in per-reviewed scientific journals (Endodontics and Science) and more than 95 papers in clinical per-reviewed journals ; he is also one of the editor of Visualendodontics software.
In 2011, he received the Hans Genett Award from the European Society of Endodontology.
He has a private practice limited to endodontics for 20 years, and is the founder and scientific director of a postgraduate course company named Endo Académie.Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
Claudia Brizuela, D.D.S., D.MD, M.S., Ph.D
My life weaves a tapestry of love, growth, and gratitude, anchored by my roles as a devoted wife and mother of three. These cherished roles have shaped my journey in dentistry, where my unwavering commitment to excellence resonates deeply with those I serve.
I specialized in Endodontics at the University of Concepcion in Chile, refining my skills in delivering compassionate dental care. A master's degree in education from Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile enriched my commitment to nurturing young minds.
Earning a Doctorate Cum Laude in Health Sciences from the Universitat Internacional de Catalunya in Spain reflected both my academic worth and personal growth. Embracing the title of Full Professor, I proudly review esteemed journals such as JOE and IEJ, standing as a guardian of academic excellence.
Beyond the classroom, sharing knowledge at international conferences and publishing in respected journals brings me immense joy. Prestigious research awards, including FONIS and FONDECYT, fuel my fervor for pioneering innovation.
For over two decades, I've extended compassionate endodontic care, offering comfort and healing. At the Universidad de los Andes, I lead research in artificial intelligence, dental regeneration, and biomarkers. As Director of Research and Doctoral studies, I'm profoundly grateful for a life illuminated by education, family, and purpose, enriching my journey with profound fulfillment.
In the words of Chilean singer-songwriter Violeta Parra, "Thanks to life that has given me so much."
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
Ove A. Peters, D.M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc.
Dr. Ove A. Peters joined the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, in 2020 after faculty positions in Heidelberg, Germany and Zurich, Switzerland, as well as at the University of California, San Francisco. He currently serves as the Professor of Endodontics and Head of Clinical Dentistry at UQ. Before moving to Australia, Dr. Peters was the founding director of the postgraduate endodontic program at the Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry in San Francisco, a professor with tenure and the Chair of the Department of Endodontics at that school.
Dr. Peters has wide-ranging clinical and research expertise and has published more than 230 manuscripts related to endodontic technology and biology. He has authored two books and contributed to several leading textbooks in dentistry; he also is an associate editor for the International Endodontic Journal as well as the Australian Endodontic Journal, an academic editor for PLOS One and serves on the review panel of multiple other journals. Among others awards, Dr Peters has received the Hans Genet Award of the European Society of Endodontology and more recently the Louis I. Grossman Award of the American Association of Endodontists. He is a Diplomate of the ABE, a member of OKU and a Fellow of the International and American Colleges of Dentistry.Disclosure(s): Dentsply Sirona: Grant/Research Support (Ongoing), Honorarium (Ongoing), Speaker/Honoraria (includes speakers bureau, symposia, and expert witness) (Ongoing)
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Product not yet rated Includes Credits
CE Hours: 0.75
Description: Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is a treatment approach aimed at preserving the function and health of the dental pulp. While inflammation of the dental pulp marks the beginning of an eventual necrosis, it is also the prerequisite for homeostasis return and regenerative events. One of the key factors affecting the success of VPT is the management of inflammation. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of inflammation modulation techniques to improve the outcome of VPT. In this lecture, we discuss the theoretical basis and clinical applications of inflammation modulation in VPT, focusing on the use of anti-inflammatory agents and biomaterials that promote pulp healing and regeneration. The available evidence on the efficacy and safety of these approaches and the challenges and opportunities for their translation into clinical practice will be discussed. Inflammation modulation represents a promising strategy for bridging the gap between theory and clinical practice in VPT and has the potential to improve the long-term outcome and prognosis of this crucial treatment modality.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the theoretical basis and mechanisms of action of inflammation modulation techniques in vital pulp therapy.
- Evaluate the potential benefits and risks of inflammation modulation techniques in the clinical management of vital pulp therapy
- Apply the knowledge gained from the lecture to identify and design appropriate inflammation modulation strategies in different clinical scenarios of vital pulp therapy.
Alexis Gaudin, Ph.D, DDS
Pr. Alexis Gaudin, born in 1979, is a full-time professor in the Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics and currently holds the position of 1st Vice-Dean at the dental school "Faculté d'Odontologie de Nantes" within Nantes Université. In 2018, he became a part of the INSERM 1229 RMeS (Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton) research laboratory. His journey in the field began with the completion of his DDS degree from the University of Toulouse, France, in 2002. Subsequently, in December 2015, he obtained his PhD in basic and clinical dental sciences, specializing in the regulation of immune response in the dental pulp, from the University of Nantes, France.
Following his PhD, Dr. Gaudin pursued further expertise by undertaking a one-year postdoctoral program at the University of the Pacific (San Francisco, CA, USA), focusing on pulpal biology and dental stem cells. Upon his return to Nantes, he took the initiative to establish the research group INFLAMED (INFlammatory MEDiators in Bone and Teeth), with the primary objective of connecting fundamental research with clinical practice. Within this group, he provided guidance and supervision to doctoral students engaged in diverse subjects, including dental materials and pulp biology, conducting research in both laboratory and clinical environments.
Dr. Gaudin's contributions to the field are well-recognized, evident through his authorship of numerous articles published in esteemed journals and his involvement in several book chapters on endodontics. Moreover, he has received multiple scientific awards in recognition of his work. He serves as the President of the French Society of Endodontics and is a certified member of the European Society for Endodontics.Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 0.75
Description: This session will delve into the fascinating world of pulpitis diagnosis and treatment, boldly embracing the underlying biology that drives critical clinical decisions. In this talk, we'll journey through the latest advancements and breakthroughs in the field, challenging traditional paradigms and redefining how we approach dental pulp pain and inflammation. The session will elucidate the intricate mechanistic processes that underpin pulpitis, shedding light on how a deeper understanding of biology can revolutionize diagnostic techniques and treatment modalities. From cutting-edge diagnostic approaches to vital pulp therapy, this session will empower dental professionals with knowledge and insights regarding pulpitis, allowing them to appreciate pulp tissue and shift their perspective to reshape their future endodontic practice.
Learning Objectives:
- Develop a comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationship between dental pain and inflammation, exposing the limitations of current pulpal diagnosis methods. Learn how to shift our perspective and also effectively communicate these complexities to patients.
- Investigate the most recent advancements and breakthroughs in pulpitis diagnosis while identifying the challenges and obstacles hindering their seamless integration into clinical practice.
- Acquire valuable insights into vital pulp therapies that harness the biological insights of pulpitis. Recognize their limitations and constraints in delivering patient-centered endodontic care for treating pulpitis more effectively.
Ozge Erdogan, DDS
Ozge graduated from Yeditepe University Dental School, Turkey and completed endodontic residency training at Hacettepe University, Turkey. During residency, she treated patients with excruciating toothache on a daily basis. This experience motivated her for pain research. She worked as a full-time instructor at NYU College of Dentistry, and was involved in clinical pain studies. In hopes of better understanding the underlying mechanisms of dental pain and its relationship with dental infection, she decided to go back to being a student, one more time. She completed a Doctor of Medical Sciences, co-mentored by Dr. Jennifer Gibbs and Dr. Isaac Chiu, in the study of how sensory neurons of dental pulp modulate host innate immune response during bacteria induced dental infection. Ozge is now a research fellow at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine. She teaches at the AGE Endodontics clinic and practices limited to endodontics.
Disclosure(s): No financial relationships to disclose
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Includes Credits
CE Hours: 1.75
Description: This presentation will first identify the potential problem in prescribing opioids for dental postsurgical pain and other painful dental conditions. The biochemical and physiological mechanisms behind post-surgical dental pain will be reviewed and a discussion of various double-blind randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of various analgesic agents following the surgical removal of impacted third molar teeth will take place. A discussion of the “drug seeking patient” and the prescription opioid abuse problem will be highlighted. The final portion of this discussion will focus on meta-analysis data for various analgesics in both dental pain and other post-surgical pain models. In other words, “Which analgesics consistently lead the pack and which are consistently dogs.” An updated flexible analgesic schedule which was published in JADA will finalize the program.
Learning Objectives:
- Explain the potential consequences of even short-term exposure to opioids.
- Compare the analgesic efficacy of NSAIDs to single entity oral opioids and acetaminophen/opioid combination drugs in randomized placebo controlled double-blind oral surgery pain studies.
- Summarize meta-analysis data of NSAIDs and opioid combination drugs on the numbers needed treat (NNT) to obtain one additional patient with at least 50% maximum pain relief.
Elliot V. Hersh, D.MD, M.S., Ph.D
Dr. Elliot V. Hersh is currently a professor of pharmacology/oral surgery at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine. He received his D.M.D. degree from New Jersey Dental School UMDNJ in 1981 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from UMDNJ – Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences in 1983 and 1988 respectively. Since arriving at the University of Pennsylvania in 1988, Dr. Hersh has won the Dental School’s Excellence in the Teaching of Basic Science Award 22 different times and was also presented with a University Lindback Award in 1993, the highest teaching honor in the entire university. He has published more than 150 scientific articles, abstracts and book chapters in the areas of dental pharmacology, drug interactions, analgesics and local anesthetics. His scholarly and research contributions in the areas of local anesthesia and pain control were recognized by the International Association of Dental Research in 2007 when he was presented with the Distinguished Scientist Award in Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology. “While the research accolades are nice, the most important thing I do is sharing this knowledge with my students and other dental professionals."
Disclosure
In accordance with this policy, I declare I have a past or present proprietary or relevant financial relationship or receive gifts in kind (including soft intangible remuneration), consulting position or affiliation, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, as indicated below: Bayer Pharmaceutical (Grant/Research Support).
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