Catalog Advanced Search
-
Contains 5 Component(s), Includes Credits Includes a Live Web Event on 12/08/2026 at 6:00 PM (CST)
Speaker: Pierre Wohlgemuth, DDS|Cemental tear is an underrecognized cause of localized periodontal breakdown and persistent periapical findings that can closely mimic vertical root fracture, endo–perio disease, or “failed” endodontic/periodontal therapy. Because the clinical and radiographic picture may appear nonspecific, the condition is often missed until late in the disease course, sometimes becoming evident only after surgical exploration or extraction of a non-healing tooth. This session presents a practical, step-by-step approach to identifying cemental tear in everyday practice, emphasizing pattern recognition, targeted imaging interpretation, and diagnostic decision-making to reduce unnecessary retreatment. Participants will review proposed mechanisms and risk factors, the spectrum of clinical and radiographic manifestations, and an updated framework for categorizing tears to guide treatment selection. Management options, including non-surgical, periodontal, and endodontic-surgical strategies, will be discussed, with attention to case selection, expected healing, and prognostic indicators. Real-world cases will illustrate how early recognition can shift treatment planning and improve outcomes.
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Cemental tear is an underrecognized cause of localized periodontal breakdown and persistent periapical findings that can closely mimic vertical root fracture, endo–perio disease, or “failed” endodontic/periodontal therapy. Because the clinical and radiographic picture may appear nonspecific, the condition is often missed until late in the disease course, sometimes becoming evident only after surgical exploration or extraction of a non-healing tooth. This session presents a practical, step-by-step approach to identifying cemental tear in everyday practice, emphasizing pattern recognition, targeted imaging interpretation, and diagnostic decision-making to reduce unnecessary retreatment. Participants will review proposed mechanisms and risk factors, the spectrum of clinical and radiographic manifestations, and an updated framework for categorizing tears to guide treatment selection. Management options, including non-surgical, periodontal, and endodontic-surgical strategies, will be discussed, with attention to case selection, expected healing, and prognostic indicators. Real-world cases will illustrate how early recognition can shift treatment planning and improve outcomes.
Learning Objectives:
- Explain etiologic mechanisms / causes of cemental tear.
- Synthesize clinical findings and imaging to confirm suspected cemental tear and differentiate it from resorptive defects, periodontal lesions, and root fractures.
- Select a management pathway using a structured categorization of tear presentation and communicate realistic prognosis and follow-up expectations to patients.
Pierre Wohlgemuth, D.D.S.
Dr. Pierre Wohlgemuth is a diplomate of the American Board of Endodontics. He received his DDS degree from Lorraine University, France in 2014. After practicing as a general dentist in Paris and his hometown city Metz, he decided to pursue his education by completing the Endodontics program for International Dentists at NYU College of Dentistry in 2015. He then went to Switzerland to practice Endodontics in a private practice setting. He later decided to resume his education and integrated into the Advanced Education Program in Endodontics at NYU College of Dentistry and graduated in 2018. Before working for New York University, Dr. Wohlgemuth was a Full-Time Assistant Professor at Colorado University School of Dental Medicine, Department of Surgical Dentistry, Division of Endodontics. Dr. Wohlgemuth is currently the Assistant Director of the Advanced Education Program in Endodontics at NYU College of Dentistry and a Full-Time Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Endodontics.
Speaker Disclosure
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation.
-
Contains 5 Component(s), Includes Credits Includes a Live Web Event on 08/04/2026 at 6:00 PM (CDT)
Speaker: Amir Azarpazhooh, D.D.S., M.SC., F.R.C.D. (C) (DPH), CERT. ENDO., PhD, F.R.C.D. (C) (ENDO), Dip ABE|The cornerstone of evidence-based decision-making in endodontics relies on the critical analysis of relevant and methodologically rigorous studies. Understanding prognostic outcomes in contemporary endodontics is essential for making informed treatment choices. However, studies on nonsurgical endodontic initial treatment and retreatment demonstrate variability, partly due to outdated practices that do not reflect current standards of care. Modern endodontics has undergone significant evolution with advancements in tools, materials, and technologies. This contemporary armamentarium allows clinicians to manage complex anatomical and pathological challenges with greater precision and predictability, marking a clear departure from conventional methods. These innovations underscore the importance of integrating state-of-the-art equipment and techniques into everyday clinical practice. This webinar aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of contemporary nonsurgical endodontic initial treatment and retreatment by examining robust research to understand expected outcomes and identify key prognostic factors. The primary objective is to equip clinicians with the knowledge required to make informed decisions, ultimately contributing to improved long-term outcomes in endodontic care.
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: The cornerstone of evidence-based decision-making in endodontics relies on the critical analysis of relevant and methodologically rigorous studies. Understanding prognostic outcomes in contemporary endodontics is essential for making informed treatment choices. However, studies on nonsurgical endodontic initial treatment and retreatment demonstrate variability, partly due to outdated practices that do not reflect current standards of care. Modern endodontics has undergone significant evolution with advancements in tools, materials, and technologies. This contemporary armamentarium allows clinicians to manage complex anatomical and pathological challenges with greater precision and predictability, marking a clear departure from conventional methods. These innovations underscore the importance of integrating state-of-the-art equipment and techniques into everyday clinical practice. This webinar aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of contemporary nonsurgical endodontic initial treatment and retreatment by examining robust research to understand expected outcomes and identify key prognostic factors. The primary objective is to equip clinicians with the knowledge required to make informed decisions, ultimately contributing to improved long-term outcomes in endodontic care.
Learning Objectives:
- Discuss the significance of critical appraisal skills for a comprehensive understanding of the literature.
- Explore the anticipated outcomes of contemporary nonsurgical endodontic treatment and retreatment.
- Identify the important prognostic factors affecting the outcomes of contemporary nonsurgical endodontic treatment and retreatment.
Amir Azarpazhooh, D.D.S., M.SC., F.R.C.D. (C) (DPH), CERT. ENDO., PhD, F.R.C.D. (C) (ENDO), Dip ABE
Dr. Amir Azarpazhooh (pronounced “Azar pa joo”) earned his DDS (Iran, 2001) and completed graduate training in Dental Public Health (2007), Endodontics (2010), and a PhD (2011) at the University of Toronto. He is a tenured Full Professor of Dentistry at the University of Toronto, specializing in Dental Public Health and Endodontics, and a Professor of Clinical Epidemiology at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health. He is also an investigator with the Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative and leads the Divisions of Endodontics and Research at Mount Sinai Hospital. He has secured $1.5 million in research funding, supervised forty-five MSc and PhD trainees, edited an evidence-based dentistry textbook, authored seven book chapters, and published three hundred papers. His work has been cited over seven thousand times and is reflected in an H-index of forty-four and an I10-index of ninety-nine. He has delivered more than ninety presentations at national and international meetings and has received honours from Cochrane Canada, the Canadian Academy of Endodontics, the American Association of Endodontists, the WW Wood Award for Excellence in Dental Education, and multiple Journal of Endodontics Publication Awards (2020–2024). He also serves as an Associate Editor for the Journal of Endodontics. He is a Board-Certified Diplomate and Director of the American Board of Endodontics (2025–2028), and a fellow, examiner and a member of Board of Directors of the Royal College of Dentists of Canada. He practices part-time in a multi-specialty setting in Toronto and provides endodontic care to medically compromised patients at Mount Sinai Hospital.
I declare that I have NO past or present proprietary or relevant, financial relationship or receive gifts in kind (including soft intangible remuneration), consulting position or affiliation, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith.
- Discuss the significance of critical appraisal skills for a comprehensive understanding of the literature.
-
Contains 5 Component(s), Includes Credits Includes a Live Web Event on 07/10/2026 at 12:00 PM (CDT)
Speaker: Spyros Floratos, DMD|Vertical Root fracture (VRF) is a longitudinally oriented complete or incomplete fracture of the root that originates from its apical end and propagates coronally and is defined as one of the crack types. According to the literature, VRF is the third most common reason for extraction of an endodontically treated tooth. Prognosis of vertically fractured teeth is usually questionable or poor, oftentimes leading to extraction. Concerning incomplete VRFs, several surgical techniques have been described. A predictable microsurgical technique involves elimination of the fractured part of the root with simultaneous preservation of the healthy root length and regenerative technique to enhance bone reformation. This technique can ultimately save the teeth, obtain periradicular bone healing and restore functionality. The purpose of this presentation is to highlight microscopic surgical preservation for teeth with incomplete VRF in maxillary and mandibular teeth both posterior and anterior. Case selection for application of these techniques is critical, because incomplete vertical fractures are difficult to diagnose.
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Vertical Root fracture (VRF) is a longitudinally oriented complete or incomplete fracture of the root that originates from its apical end and propagates coronally and is defined as one of the crack types. According to the literature, VRF is the third most common reason for extraction of an endodontically treated tooth. Prognosis of vertically fractured teeth is usually questionable or poor, oftentimes leading to extraction. Concerning incomplete VRFs, several surgical techniques have been described. A predictable microsurgical technique involves elimination of the fractured part of the root with simultaneous preservation of the healthy root length and regenerative technique to enhance bone reformation. This technique can ultimately save the teeth, obtain periradicular bone healing and restore functionality. The purpose of this presentation is to highlight microscopic surgical preservation for teeth with incomplete VRF in maxillary and mandibular teeth both posterior and anterior. Case selection for application of these techniques is critical, because incomplete vertical fractures are difficult to diagnose.
Learning Objectives:
- Diagnose and identify incomplete VRFs on endodontically treated teeth.
- Familiarize with elimination of the VRF line and preservation of sound root structure using microsurgical techniques.
- Describe the case selection criteria for applying microsurgical treatment on endodontically treated teeth with a VRF.
Spyros Floratos, DMD
Dr Floratos received his DMD from the University of Thessaloniki School of Dentistry in Greece in 2001. He received a Certificate in Endodontics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine in 2009. Since 2009, he holds an Adjunct Assistant Professor appointment at the Endodontic Department of University of Pennsylvania. He is a retired Commander of the Greek Navy and former Director of the Endodontic Department of the Athens Naval Hospital in Greece. Dr Floratos is the author of three chapters in Professor Kim & Kratchman’s textbook ‘Microsurgery in Endodontics’ published in 2018 and one chapter in Professor Tsesis’ ‘Endodontic – Periodontal Lesions’ textbook published in 2019. He has presented in endodontic meetings in USA and Europe and has published in national and international endodontic journals.
Speaker Disclosure:
I declare that I have no proprietary, financial, or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, course, and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith, that will be discussed or considered during the proposed presentation.
-
Contains 5 Component(s), Includes Credits
Speaker: | Hamid Abedi, DDS, MS, MBA; Max Foroughi, PhD; Mohammad Moshirpour, PhD | This presentation highlights the development and clinical integration of an AI-driven diagnostic and teleconsultation platform designed to optimize decision-making in endodontic care. The system enables pre- and post-treatment validation through deep learning algorithms trained on annotated radiographs to assess root canal indications, extraction needs, and case difficulty. Secure, real-time telecommunication tools allow general practitioners (GPs) and endodontists to engage in case discussions and streamlined treatment planning. The platform integrates an AI-based triage and scheduling module that prioritizes appointments based on diagnostic urgency. Clinical pilot studies demonstrate improved diagnostic concordance, more accurate case difficulty grading, and enhanced workflow efficiency. By combining AI-powered analysis with expert-driven validation and scheduling automation, the system promotes higher treatment confidence, reduced unnecessary referrals, and better patient outcomes. The platform is fully validated, regulatory-ready, and positioned for commercial launch, offering a scalable solution for modern endodontic practices.
CE Hours: 0.75
Description: This presentation highlights the development and clinical integration of an AI-driven diagnostic and teleconsultation platform designed to optimize decision-making in endodontic care. The system enables pre- and post-treatment validation through deep learning algorithms trained on annotated radiographs to assess root canal indications, extraction needs, and case difficulty. Secure, real-time telecommunication tools allow general practitioners (GPs) and endodontists to engage in case discussions and streamlined treatment planning. The platform integrates an AI-based triage and scheduling module that prioritizes appointments based on diagnostic urgency. Clinical pilot studies demonstrate improved diagnostic concordance, more accurate case difficulty grading, and enhanced workflow efficiency. By combining AI-powered analysis with expert-driven validation and scheduling automation, the system promotes higher treatment confidence, reduced unnecessary referrals, and better patient outcomes. The platform is fully validated, regulatory-ready, and positioned for commercial launch, offering a scalable solution for modern endodontic practices.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the role of AI in pre- and post-treatment diagnostic validation for endodontic procedures.
- Evaluate the clinical benefits of secure teleconsultation for improving diagnostic accuracy and workflow efficiency.
- Discuss how AI-integrated scheduling based on case complexity can streamline patient triage and optimize resource utilization.
-
Contains 5 Component(s), Includes Credits
Speaker: João Filipe Brochado Martins, DDS, MsC|Selective root canal retreatment (sRCR) offers a minimally invasive alternative to full retreatment by addressing only diseased roots while preserving healthy ones. This webinar will explore the clinical efficacy, benefits, and risks of sRCR, with a focus on tooth preservation, fracture resistance, and cost-effectiveness. Participants will gain practical insights into integrating this philosophy into daily practice.
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Selective root canal retreatment (sRCR) offers a minimally invasive alternative to full retreatment by addressing only diseased roots while preserving healthy ones. This webinar will explore the clinical efficacy, benefits, and risks of sRCR, with a focus on tooth preservation, fracture resistance, and cost-effectiveness. Participants will gain practical insights into integrating this philosophy into daily practice.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe at least two key findings on the clinical efficacy of selective root canal retreatment (sRCR) compared to full retreatment.
- Analyze how sRCR contributes to tooth preservation and fracture resistance
- Compare the relative cost-effectiveness of sRCR versus full root canal retreatment, identifying at least one patient-centered and one practice-centered implication.
João Filipe Brochado Martins, DDS, MsC
Dr. João Brochado Martins earned his dental degree from the University of Coimbra, Portugal, in 2013. After relocating to the Netherlands in 2016, he completed a postgraduate Master’s Program in Oral Health Sciences, specializing in Endodontology, at the Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) from 2019 to 2022. He is currently a faculty member at ACTA, where he teaches undergraduate dental students and contributes to the postgraduate endodontics program.
In addition to his academic role, Dr. Brochado Martins maintains a referral-based clinical practice limited to endodontics. He is pursuing his PhD and has published in several international peer-reviewed journals. He also serves as a reviewer for leading journals and is a member of the Editorial Board of the European Endodontic Journal.
Dr. Brochado Martins is an active member of multiple professional organizations, including the Dutch Society of Endodontics (NVvE and TEN), the European Society of Endodontology (ESE), the Portuguese Society of Endodontics (SPE), and the American Association of Endodontists (AAE).Disclosure: I declare I have NO past or present proprietary or relevant financial relationship or receive gifts in kind (including soft intangible remuneration), consulting position or affiliation or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product service, course and/or company, or in any firm beneficially associated therewith.
-
Contains 5 Component(s), Includes Credits
Speaker: Elliot V. Hersh, D.MD, M.S., PhD|Up until recently the only drugs available to manage acute dental l pain were acetaminophen, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids. NSAIDs cannot be taken by a variety of patients due to poor renal function, a history of GI ulcers, drug allergy or sensitivity and for the possibility of adverse drug interactions with anticoagulants and lithium. Opioids are wrought with acute side effects including dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting and constipation. Their potential to cause substance misuse, physical dependence and addiction are also well described. On January 30, 2025 suzetrigine, a novel voltage gated sodium channel 1.8 (Nav 1.8) blocking agent was granted FDA approval for the management of moderate to severe pain. By selectively blocking the Nav 1.8 it is hoped that side effects will be less numerous and severe compared to drugs that indiscriminately block other Nav subtypes such as anticonvulsants and local anesthetics.. Unlike opioids, suzetrigine also appears to be devoid of addiction potential. In two Phase 3 post-surgical pain trials on research patients who underwent bunionectomy or abdominoplasty, suzetrigine was significantly more effective than placebo, but its analgesic effects were only equivalent to acetaminophen 325 mg plus hydrocodone 5 mg (APAP 325 mg/HYDRO 5 mg) respectively. These results are somewhat disappointing with regards to postsurgical dental pain where 440 mg naproxen sodium or APAP 500 mg plus ibuprofen 400 mg (APAP 500 mg/IBU 400 mg) have been demonstrated to provide superior analgesic effects when compared to APAP 650 mg/HYDRO 10 mg or APAP 300 mg/HYDRO 5 mg respectively. This presentation will discuss the genesis of dental postsurgical pain, the nomenclature and anatomical locations of various Nav channel subtypes and suzetrigine's possible utility and limitations in treating orofacial pain. Suzetrigine represents only the first step to optimize the selective blockade of Nav channels to treat various patient maladies.
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Up until recently the only drugs available to manage acute dental l pain were acetaminophen, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids. NSAIDs cannot be taken by a variety of patients due to poor renal function, a history of GI ulcers, drug allergy or sensitivity and for the possibility of adverse drug interactions with anticoagulants and lithium. Opioids are wrought with acute side effects including dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting and constipation. Their potential to cause substance misuse, physical dependence and addiction are also well described. On January 30, 2025 suzetrigine, a novel voltage gated sodium channel 1.8 (Nav 1.8) blocking agent was granted FDA approval for the management of moderate to severe pain. By selectively blocking the Nav 1.8 it is hoped that side effects will be less numerous and severe compared to drugs that indiscriminately block other Nav subtypes such as anticonvulsants and local anesthetics.. Unlike opioids, suzetrigine also appears to be devoid of addiction potential. In two Phase 3 post-surgical pain trials on research patients who underwent bunionectomy or abdominoplasty, suzetrigine was significantly more effective than placebo, but its analgesic effects were only equivalent to acetaminophen 325 mg plus hydrocodone 5 mg (APAP 325 mg/HYDRO 5 mg) respectively. These results are somewhat disappointing with regards to postsurgical dental pain where 440 mg naproxen sodium or APAP 500 mg plus ibuprofen 400 mg (APAP 500 mg/IBU 400 mg) have been demonstrated to provide superior analgesic effects when compared to APAP 650 mg/HYDRO 10 mg or APAP 300 mg/HYDRO 5 mg respectively. This presentation will discuss the genesis of dental postsurgical pain, the nomenclature and anatomical locations of various Nav channel subtypes and suzetrigine's possible utility and limitations in treating orofacial pain. Suzetrigine represents only the first step to optimize the selective blockade of Nav channels to treat various patient maladies.
Learning Objectives:
- Discuss the mechanism of action of suzetrigine
- Discuss the advantages and limitations of employing suzetrigine in the treatment of acute dental pain
- Identify which patients should not receive analgesic regimens that contain ibuprofen or naproxen sodium
-
Contains 5 Component(s), Includes Credits
Speaker: | Stephen P. Niemczyk, D.MD | Technologies continually evolve to satisfy the demands of emerging microsurgical techniques but are not limited to the classical endodontic surgical armamentarium. The most recent example is the implementation of the Piezosurgical technique for root end surgery. Heightened awareness of significant vascular elements via pre-surgical CBCT surveys mandate cautious sectioning processes. Restrictive soft tissue access hampers effective retraction for conventional surgical handpieces. Substantial cortical plate thicknesses combined with unusual anatomy can confound the most experienced surgeon. All these factors present the dichotomy of visualization/manipulation versus post-surgical regeneration. The featured clinical cases highlight the adaptability and versatility of this new technology in this challenging surgical arena.
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: Technologies continually evolve to satisfy the demands of emerging microsurgical techniques but are not limited to the classical endodontic surgical armamentarium. The most recent example is the implementation of the Piezosurgical technique for root end surgery. Heightened awareness of significant vascular elements via pre-surgical CBCT surveys mandate cautious sectioning processes. Restrictive soft tissue access hampers effective retraction for conventional surgical handpieces. Substantial cortical plate thicknesses combined with unusual anatomy can confound the most experienced surgeon. All these factors present the dichotomy of visualization/manipulation versus post-surgical regeneration. The featured clinical cases highlight the adaptability and versatility of this new technology in this challenging surgical arena.
Learning Objectives:
- Contrast the visibility and precision of root end procedures performed using Piezo versus conventional handpiece
- Assess the adaptability, visibility and precision of this technology for "novel" surgical corrections.
- Evaluate the tissue selectivity of the Piezo and its advantages in certain clinical environments
-
Contains 5 Component(s), Includes Credits
Speaker: | Ashraf F. Fouad, D.D.S., M.S. | Systemic diseases and the medications used to treat them play an important role in the incidence and prevalence of endodontic disease and in the healing following endodontic treatment. This presentation will examine recent data on chronic systemic medications and outline important considerations for clinicians as they discuss the treatment plan and prognosis with patients and interact with other health providers regarding the optimal care of the patients.
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: Systemic diseases and the medications used to treat them play an important role in the incidence and prevalence of endodontic disease and in the healing following endodontic treatment. This presentation will examine recent data on chronic systemic medications and outline important considerations for clinicians as they discuss the treatment plan and prognosis with patients and interact with other health providers regarding the optimal care of the patients.
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the level of evidence in the literature on the association of systemic medications and endodontic diseases and their treatment outcomes.
- Describe systemic medications with potential effects on endodontic case incidence and presentation
- Describe systemic medications that may influence the outcome of endodontic treatment.
-
Contains 5 Component(s), Includes Credits
Speaker: |Joshua Austin, DDS | Dental professionals often examine the physical aspects of wellness, yet we rarely explore or discuss the mental aspects. It is time to remove the taboo and face the facts. Anxiety, pain, depression, burnout. Dentistry can be difficult and take a toll. Studies show us that dental professionals experience a high incidence of mental illness. Additionally, many dental professionals don't clearly understand the mental health conditions that our patients present with, which red flags to watch for or what to do/how to intervene. Presented in Dr. Joshua Austin's trademark comedic style, this course explores strategies for working together to improve mental health so we can be our best. Learn how to recognize triggers and warning signs. Identify essential tools and resources. Discover how and when to refer to a mental health professional. Explore and understand mental health terms, common treatments and therapy options. Gain coping mechanisms and learn how to manage expectations - both our own and those of our patients.
CE Hours: 1.5
Description: Dental professionals often examine the physical aspects of wellness, yet we rarely explore or discuss the mental aspects. It is time to remove the taboo and face the facts. Anxiety, pain, depression, burnout. Dentistry can be difficult and take a toll. Studies show us that dental professionals experience a high incidence of mental illness. Additionally, many dental professionals don't clearly understand the mental health conditions that our patients present with, which red flags to watch for or what to do/how to intervene. Presented in Dr. Joshua Austin's trademark comedic style, this course explores strategies for working together to improve mental health so we can be our best. Learn how to recognize triggers and warning signs. Identify essential tools and resources. Discover how and when to refer to a mental health professional. Explore and understand mental health terms, common treatments and therapy options. Gain coping mechanisms and learn how to manage expectations - both our own and those of our patients.
Learning Objectives:
- Define mental health terms and analyze mental health statistics
- Illuminate common DSM-5 diagnoses and characteristics
- Review neuropsychopharmacology and how these drugs affect the stomatognathic system.
-
Contains 5 Component(s), Includes Credits
Speaker: |Homan Zandi, D.D.S, Ph.D. | Studies have shown that the non-specific elimination or significant reduction of bacterial load below a certain threshold is critical for the healing of apical periodontitis. However, an important question remains: do specific bacterial species or phylotypes that persist following endodontic treatment influence the clinical outcome, and can they be regarded as independent risk factors? Moreover, there is a need to more precisely define the bacterial threshold below which favorable periapical healing is likely to occur.
CE Hours: 1.0
Description: Studies have shown that the non-specific elimination or significant reduction of bacterial load below a certain threshold is critical for the healing of apical periodontitis. However, an important question remains: do specific bacterial species or phylotypes that persist following endodontic treatment influence the clinical outcome, and can they be regarded as independent risk factors? Moreover, there is a need to more precisely define the bacterial threshold below which favorable periapical healing is likely to occur.
Learning Objectives:
- Discuss the prognosis of endodontic treatment.
- Examine the impact of preoperative microbial burden and the efficacy of bacterial reduction on the clinical success of endodontic treatment.
- Discuss the differences in the microbial composition of primary versus persistent endodontic infections, and how these variations influence periapical healing and treatment outcomes.